aima-python documentation

Python implementations of the algorithms from Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA). This site is the API reference, generated from the in-source docstrings; it complements the per-module Jupyter notebooks in the repository.

Modules whose names carry a 4e suffix track the 4th-edition pseudocode and chapter numbering; the unsuffixed modules track the 3rd edition.

API reference

• Agents & Environments
  • Thing
  • Agent
  • TraceAgent()
  • TableDrivenAgentProgram()
  • RandomAgentProgram()
  • SimpleReflexAgentProgram()
  • ModelBasedReflexAgentProgram()
  • rule_match()
  • RandomVacuumAgent()
  • TableDrivenVacuumAgent()
  • ReflexVacuumAgent()
  • ModelBasedVacuumAgent()
  • Environment
  • Direction
  • XYEnvironment
  • Obstacle
  • Wall
  • GraphicEnvironment
  • ContinuousWorld
  • PolygonObstacle
  • Dirt
  • VacuumEnvironment
  • TrivialVacuumEnvironment
  • Gold
  • Bump
  • Glitter
  • Pit
  • Breeze
  • Arrow
  • Scream
  • Wumpus
  • Stench
  • Explorer
  • WumpusEnvironment
  • compare_agents()
  • test_agent()
  • Thing
  • Agent
  • TraceAgent()
  • TableDrivenAgentProgram()
  • RandomAgentProgram()
  • SimpleReflexAgentProgram()
  • ModelBasedReflexAgentProgram()
  • rule_match()
  • RandomVacuumAgent()
  • TableDrivenVacuumAgent()
  • ReflexVacuumAgent()
  • ModelBasedVacuumAgent()
  • Environment
  • Direction
  • XYEnvironment
  • Obstacle
  • Wall
  • GraphicEnvironment
  • ContinuousWorld
  • PolygonObstacle
  • Dirt
  • VacuumEnvironment
  • TrivialVacuumEnvironment
  • Gold
  • Bump
  • Glitter
  • Pit
  • Breeze
  • Arrow
  • Scream
  • Wumpus
  • Stench
  • Explorer
  • WumpusEnvironment
  • compare_agents()
  • test_agent()
• Search
  • Problem
  • Node
  • SimpleProblemSolvingAgentProgram
  • breadth_first_tree_search()
  • depth_first_tree_search()
  • depth_first_graph_search()
  • breadth_first_graph_search()
  • best_first_graph_search()
  • best_first_tree_search()
  • uniform_cost_search()
  • uniform_cost_tree_search()
  • depth_limited_search()
  • iterative_deepening_search()
  • bidirectional_search()
  • greedy_best_first_graph_search()
  • greedy_best_first_tree_search()
  • astar_search()
  • astar_tree_search()
  • iterative_deepening_astar_search()
  • EightPuzzle
  • NPuzzle
  • TravelingSalesman
  • DisjointSets
  • PlanRoute
  • recursive_best_first_search()
  • hill_climbing()
  • exp_schedule()
  • simulated_annealing()
  • simulated_annealing_full()
  • and_or_graph_search()
  • PourProblem
  • PeakFindingProblem
  • OnlineDFSAgent
  • OnlineSearchProblem
  • LRTAStarAgent
  • genetic_search()
  • genetic_algorithm()
  • fitness_threshold()
  • init_population()
  • select()
  • recombine()
  • recombine_uniform()
  • mutate()
  • Graph
  • UndirectedGraph()
  • RandomGraph()
  • vacuum_world
  • GraphProblem
  • GraphProblemStochastic
  • NQueensProblem
  • random_boggle()
  • print_boggle()
  • boggle_neighbors()
  • exact_sqrt()
  • Wordlist
  • BoggleFinder
  • boggle_hill_climbing()
  • mutate_boggle()
  • InstrumentedProblem
  • compare_searchers()
  • compare_graph_searchers()
• Games & Game Theory
  • GameState
  • StochasticGameState
  • minmax_decision()
  • expect_minmax()
  • alpha_beta_search()
  • alpha_beta_cutoff_search()
  • query_player()
  • random_player()
  • alpha_beta_player()
  • minmax_player()
  • expect_minmax_player()
  • Game
  • StochasticGame
  • Fig52Game
  • Fig52Extended
  • TicTacToe
  • ConnectFour
  • Gomoku
  • Backgammon
  • GameState
  • StochasticGameState
  • minmax_decision()
  • expect_minmax()
  • alpha_beta_search()
  • alpha_beta_cutoff_search()
  • monte_carlo_tree_search()
  • query_player()
  • random_player()
  • alpha_beta_player()
  • expect_min_max_player()
  • mcts_player()
  • Game
  • StochasticGame
  • Fig52Game
  • Fig52Extended
  • TicTacToe
  • ConnectFour
  • Backgammon
  • dominates()
  • dominant_strategy()
  • iterated_dominance()
  • pure_nash_equilibria()
  • solve_zero_sum_game()
  • shapley_value()
  • is_in_core()
  • plurality_winner()
  • borda_winner()
  • condorcet_winner()
  • vickrey_auction()
  • contract_net()
  • alternating_offers_bargaining()
• Constraint Satisfaction
  • CSP
  • no_arc_heuristic()
  • dom_j_up()
  • AC3()
  • revise()
  • AC3b()
  • partition()
  • AC4()
  • first_unassigned_variable()
  • mrv()
  • num_legal_values()
  • unordered_domain_values()
  • lcv()
  • no_inference()
  • forward_checking()
  • mac()
  • backtracking_search()
  • min_conflicts()
  • min_conflicts_value()
  • tree_csp_solver()
  • topological_sort()
  • build_topological()
  • make_arc_consistent()
  • assign_value()
  • UniversalDict
  • different_values_constraint()
  • MapColoringCSP()
  • parse_neighbors()
  • queen_constraint()
  • NQueensCSP
  • flatten()
  • Sudoku
  • Zebra()
  • solve_zebra()
  • NaryCSP
  • Constraint
  • all_diff_constraint()
  • is_word_constraint()
  • meet_at_constraint()
  • adjacent_constraint()
  • sum_constraint()
  • is_constraint()
  • ne_constraint()
  • no_heuristic()
  • sat_up()
  • ACSolver
  • partition_domain()
  • ACSearchSolver
  • ac_solver()
  • ac_search_solver()
  • Crossword
  • Kakuro
• Logic & Knowledge
  • KB
  • PropKB
  • KBAgentProgram()
  • is_symbol()
  • is_var_symbol()
  • is_prop_symbol()
  • variables()
  • is_definite_clause()
  • parse_definite_clause()
  • tt_entails()
  • tt_check_all()
  • prop_symbols()
  • constant_symbols()
  • predicate_symbols()
  • tt_true()
  • pl_true()
  • to_cnf()
  • eliminate_implications()
  • move_not_inwards()
  • distribute_and_over_or()
  • associate()
  • dissociate()
  • conjuncts()
  • disjuncts()
  • pl_resolution()
  • pl_resolve()
  • PropDefiniteKB
  • pl_fc_entails()
  • wumpus_world_inference
  • no_branching_heuristic()
  • min_clauses()
  • moms()
  • momsf()
  • posit()
  • zm()
  • dlis()
  • dlcs()
  • jw()
  • jw2()
  • dpll_satisfiable()
  • dpll()
  • find_pure_symbol()
  • find_unit_clause()
  • unit_clause_assign()
  • inspect_literal()
  • no_restart()
  • luby()
  • glucose()
  • cdcl_satisfiable()
  • assign_decision_literal()
  • unit_propagation()
  • conflict_analysis()
  • pl_binary_resolution()
  • backjump()
  • TwoWLClauseDatabase
  • WalkSAT()
  • MapColoringSAT()
  • facing_east()
  • facing_west()
  • facing_north()
  • facing_south()
  • wumpus()
  • pit()
  • breeze()
  • stench()
  • wumpus_alive()
  • have_arrow()
  • percept_stench()
  • percept_breeze()
  • percept_glitter()
  • percept_bump()
  • percept_scream()
  • move_forward()
  • shoot()
  • turn_left()
  • turn_right()
  • ok_to_move()
  • location()
  • implies()
  • equiv()
  • new_disjunction()
  • WumpusKB
  • WumpusPosition
  • HybridWumpusAgent
  • SAT_plan()
  • unify()
  • is_variable()
  • unify_var()
  • occur_check()
  • subst()
  • cascade_substitution()
  • unify_mm()
  • term_reduction()
  • vars_elimination()
  • standardize_variables()
  • parse_clauses_from_dimacs()
  • FolKB
  • fol_fc_ask()
  • fol_bc_ask()
  • fol_bc_or()
  • fol_bc_and()
  • diff()
  • simp()
  • d()
  • KB
  • PropKB
  • KB_AgentProgram()
  • facing_east()
  • facing_west()
  • facing_north()
  • facing_south()
  • wumpus()
  • pit()
  • breeze()
  • stench()
  • wumpus_alive()
  • have_arrow()
  • percept_stench()
  • percept_breeze()
  • percept_glitter()
  • percept_bump()
  • percept_scream()
  • move_forward()
  • shoot()
  • turn_left()
  • turn_right()
  • ok_to_move()
  • location()
  • implies()
  • equiv()
  • new_disjunction()
  • is_symbol()
  • is_var_symbol()
  • is_prop_symbol()
  • variables()
  • is_definite_clause()
  • parse_definite_clause()
  • tt_entails()
  • tt_check_all()
  • prop_symbols()
  • constant_symbols()
  • predicate_symbols()
  • tt_true()
  • pl_true()
  • to_cnf()
  • eliminate_implications()
  • move_not_inwards()
  • distribute_and_over_or()
  • associate()
  • dissociate()
  • conjuncts()
  • disjuncts()
  • pl_resolution()
  • pl_resolve()
  • PropDefiniteKB
  • pl_fc_entails()
  • wumpus_world_inference
  • dpll_satisfiable()
  • dpll()
  • find_pure_symbol()
  • find_unit_clause()
  • unit_clause_assign()
  • inspect_literal()
  • WalkSAT()
  • WumpusKB
  • WumpusPosition
  • HybridWumpusAgent
  • SAT_plan()
  • unify()
  • is_variable()
  • unify_var()
  • occur_check()
  • extend()
  • FolKB
  • fol_fc_ask()
  • subst()
  • standardize_variables()
  • fol_bc_ask()
  • fol_bc_or()
  • fol_bc_and()
  • diff()
  • simp()
  • d()
  • current_best_learning()
  • specializations()
  • generalizations()
  • add_or()
  • version_space_learning()
  • version_space_update()
  • all_hypotheses()
  • values_table()
  • build_attr_combinations()
  • build_h_combinations()
  • minimal_consistent_det()
  • consistent_det()
  • FOILContainer
  • check_all_consistency()
  • check_negative_consistency()
  • disjunction_value()
  • guess_value()
  • is_consistent()
  • false_positive()
  • false_negative()
• Planning
  • PlanningProblem
  • Action
  • goal_test()
  • air_cargo()
  • spare_tire()
  • three_block_tower()
  • simple_blocks_world()
  • have_cake_and_eat_cake_too()
  • shopping_problem()
  • socks_and_shoes()
  • logistics_problem()
  • blocks_world()
  • rush_hour()
  • rush_hour_optimized()
  • double_tennis_problem()
  • ForwardPlan
  • BackwardPlan
  • CSPlan()
  • SATPlan()
  • predicate_negate()
  • Level
  • Graph
  • GraphPlan
  • Linearize
  • linearize()
  • PartialOrderPlanner
  • spare_tire_graph_plan()
  • three_block_tower_graph_plan()
  • air_cargo_graph_plan()
  • have_cake_and_eat_cake_too_graph_plan()
  • shopping_graph_plan()
  • socks_and_shoes_graph_plan()
  • simple_blocks_world_graph_plan()
  • HLA
  • RealWorldPlanningProblem
  • job_shop_problem()
  • go_to_sfo()
  • AngelicHLA
  • AngelicNode
• Probability, MDPs & Decisions
  • DTAgentProgram()
  • ProbDist
  • JointProbDist
  • event_values()
  • enumerate_joint_ask()
  • enumerate_joint()
  • BayesNet
  • DecisionNetwork
  • InformationGatheringAgent
  • BayesNode
  • enumeration_ask()
  • enumerate_all()
  • elimination_ask()
  • is_hidden()
  • make_factor()
  • pointwise_product()
  • sum_out()
  • Factor
  • all_events()
  • prior_sample()
  • rejection_sampling()
  • consistent_with()
  • likelihood_weighting()
  • weighted_sample()
  • gibbs_ask()
  • markov_blanket_sample()
  • HiddenMarkovModel
  • forward()
  • backward()
  • forward_backward()
  • viterbi()
  • baum_welch()
  • fixed_lag_smoothing()
  • particle_filtering()
  • KalmanFilter
  • kalman_filter()
  • DynamicBayesNet
  • MCLmap
  • monte_carlo_localization()
  • DTAgentProgram()
  • ProbDist
  • JointProbDist
  • event_values()
  • enumerate_joint_ask()
  • enumerate_joint()
  • is_independent()
  • gen_possible_events()
  • BayesNet
  • BayesNode
  • gaussian_probability()
  • logistic_probability()
  • ContinuousBayesNode
  • enumeration_ask()
  • enumerate_all()
  • elimination_ask()
  • is_hidden()
  • make_factor()
  • pointwise_product()
  • sum_out()
  • Factor
  • all_events()
  • prior_sample()
  • rejection_sampling()
  • consistent_with()
  • likelihood_weighting()
  • weighted_sample()
  • gibbs_ask()
  • markov_blanket_sample()
  • complied_burglary
  • MDP
  • MDP2
  • GridMDP
  • gen_grid()
  • value_iteration()
  • best_policy()
  • expected_utility()
  • policy_iteration()
  • policy_evaluation()
  • POMDP
  • Matrix
  • pomdp_value_iteration()
  • MDP
  • MDP2
  • GridMDP
  • q_value()
  • value_iteration()
  • best_policy()
  • expected_utility()
  • policy_iteration()
  • policy_evaluation()
  • POMDP
  • Matrix
  • pomdp_value_iteration()
  • update_belief()
  • pomdp_lookahead()
  • DecisionNetwork
  • InformationGatheringAgent
  • MCLmap
  • monte_carlo_localization()
• Learning
  • CountingProbDist
  • NaiveBayesLearner()
  • NaiveBayesSimple()
  • NaiveBayesDiscrete()
  • NaiveBayesContinuous()
  • Node
  • Layer
  • Activation
  • Sigmoid
  • ReLU
  • ELU
  • LeakyReLU
  • Tanh
  • SoftMax
  • SoftPlus
  • Linear
  • InputLayer
  • OutputLayer
  • DenseLayer
  • ConvLayer1D
  • MaxPoolingLayer1D
  • BatchNormalizationLayer
  • init_examples()
  • stochastic_gradient_descent()
  • adam()
  • BackPropagation()
  • get_batch()
  • NeuralNetworkLearner
  • PerceptronLearner
  • keras_dataset_loader()
  • SimpleRNNLearner()
  • AutoencoderLearner()
  • PassiveDUEAgent
  • PassiveADPAgent
  • PassiveTDAgent
  • QLearningAgent
  • SARSALearningAgent
  • run_single_trial()
  • PassiveDUEAgent
  • PassiveADPAgent
  • PassiveTDAgent
  • QLearningAgent
  • SARSALearningAgent
  • run_single_trial()
  • array_normalization()
  • gradient_edge_detector()
  • gaussian_derivative_edge_detector()
  • laplacian_edge_detector()
  • show_edges()
  • sum_squared_difference()
  • gen_gray_scale_picture()
  • probability_contour_detection()
  • group_contour_detection()
  • image_to_graph()
  • generate_edge_weight()
  • Graph
  • gen_discs()
  • load_MINST()
  • simple_convnet()
  • train_model()
  • selective_search()
  • pool_rois()
  • pool_roi()
• Natural Language
  • Rules()
  • Lexicon()
  • Grammar
  • ProbRules()
  • ProbLexicon()
  • ProbGrammar
  • Chart
  • CYK_parse()
  • load_page_html()
  • init_pages()
  • strip_raw_html()
  • determine_inlinks()
  • find_outlinks()
  • only_wikipedia_urls()
  • expand_pages()
  • relevant_pages()
  • normalize()
  • ConvergenceDetector
  • get_in_links()
  • get_out_links()
  • Page
  • HITS()
  • Rules()
  • Lexicon()
  • Grammar
  • ProbRules()
  • ProbLexicon()
  • ProbGrammar
  • Chart
  • Tree
  • CYK_parse()
  • subspan()
  • TextParsingProblem
  • astar_search_parsing()
  • beam_search_parsing()
  • UnigramWordModel
  • NgramWordModel
  • NgramCharModel
  • UnigramCharModel
  • viterbi_segment()
  • IRSystem
  • UnixConsultant
  • Document
  • words()
  • canonicalize()
  • shift_encode()
  • rot13()
  • translate()
  • maketrans()
  • encode()
  • bigrams()
  • ShiftDecoder
  • all_shifts()
  • PermutationDecoder
  • PermutationDecoderProblem
• Utilities & Notebook Helpers
  • sequence()
  • remove_all()
  • unique()
  • count()
  • multimap()
  • multimap_items()
  • product()
  • first()
  • is_in()
  • mode()
  • power_set()
  • extend()
  • flatten()
  • identity()
  • argmin_random_tie()
  • argmax_random_tie()
  • shuffled()
  • histogram()
  • dot_product()
  • element_wise_product()
  • matrix_multiplication()
  • vector_add()
  • scalar_vector_product()
  • probability()
  • weighted_sample_with_replacement()
  • weighted_sampler()
  • weighted_choice()
  • rounder()
  • num_or_str()
  • euclidean_distance()
  • manhattan_distance()
  • hamming_distance()
  • cross_entropy_loss()
  • mean_squared_error_loss()
  • rms_error()
  • ms_error()
  • mean_error()
  • mean_boolean_error()
  • normalize()
  • random_weights()
  • sigmoid()
  • sigmoid_derivative()
  • elu()
  • elu_derivative()
  • tanh()
  • tanh_derivative()
  • leaky_relu()
  • leaky_relu_derivative()
  • relu()
  • relu_derivative()
  • step()
  • gaussian()
  • linear_kernel()
  • polynomial_kernel()
  • rbf_kernel()
  • turn_heading()
  • turn_right()
  • turn_left()
  • distance()
  • distance_squared()
  • injection
  • memoize()
  • name()
  • isnumber()
  • issequence()
  • print_table()
  • open_data()
  • failure_test()
  • Expr
  • Symbol()
  • symbols()
  • subexpressions()
  • arity()
  • PartialExpr
  • expr()
  • expr_handle_infix_ops()
  • defaultkeydict
  • hashabledict
  • PriorityQueue
  • Bool
  • PriorityQueue
  • sequence()
  • remove_all()
  • unique()
  • count()
  • multimap()
  • multimap_items()
  • product()
  • first()
  • is_in()
  • mode()
  • power_set()
  • extend()
  • flatten()
  • identity()
  • argmin_random_tie()
  • argmax_random_tie()
  • shuffled()
  • histogram()
  • element_wise_product()
  • vector_add()
  • scalar_vector_product()
  • map_vector()
  • probability()
  • weighted_sample_with_replacement()
  • weighted_sampler()
  • weighted_choice()
  • rounder()
  • num_or_str()
  • euclidean_distance()
  • manhattan_distance()
  • hamming_distance()
  • rms_error()
  • ms_error()
  • mean_error()
  • mean_boolean_error()
  • cross_entropy_loss()
  • mean_squared_error_loss()
  • normalize()
  • random_weights()
  • conv1D()
  • gaussian_kernel()
  • gaussian_kernel_1D()
  • gaussian_kernel_2D()
  • step()
  • gaussian()
  • linear_kernel()
  • polynomial_kernel()
  • rbf_kernel()
  • turn_heading()
  • turn_right()
  • turn_left()
  • distance()
  • distance_squared()
  • injection
  • memoize()
  • name()
  • isnumber()
  • issequence()
  • print_table()
  • open_data()
  • failure_test()
  • Expr
  • Symbol()
  • symbols()
  • subexpressions()
  • arity()
  • PartialExpr
  • expr()
  • expr_handle_infix_ops()
  • defaultkeydict
  • hashabledict
  • MCT_Node
  • ucb()
  • Bool

Indices and tables

• Index

• Module Index

• Search Page